INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO THE CONCEPT OF INNOVATION IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Purpose – Public administration, its functionality and efficiency become an important element of prosperity not only for individual economies but also for transnational entities. We are looking for new directions and new practices for public administration that are inspired by the business sector, which to orientation for results, satisfaction of customers, and reflections on the mix of services that will be provided to the citizen. The basic principle of all reforms in public administration is the understanding of administration as a service to citizens. The aim of the paper is to explain the essence of some selected innovative theoretical approaches in public administration and also to analyze citizens' access for e - government from the point of view of communication with representatives of the public administration at the level of individual EU member states. Design/methodology/approach – Characteristics of selected innovative approaches in public administration. Based on selected indicators within EU member countries, to analyze citizens' access for e – government. Findings – Innovative methods introduced in public administration are implied by the private sector. The availability of digital information of the public administration for citizens, about its representatives as well as about the financing of public administration has greatly improved over the period 2008-2017. The availability of citizens' information in the context of communication with the public administration was monitored on the basis of selected indicators within the EU member states over the period 2008-2017. implications addition individual innovative of of the practical of indicators that assess the use of e-government by citizens of EU Member States.


Introduction
In the past, innovations had been typical of the manufacturing business sector, where through innovation, businesses have sought to increase their competitiveness in the market and, at the same time, to innovate their production processes and products to increase their sales. In the context of public administration reform are starting to appear innovations also into the public administration.
By introducing innovations in the process of providing services, public administration seeks, on the one hand, to bring citizens better services for them and, on the other, to more effectively manage allocated financial resources. In this article, we try to characterize selected innovative approaches to public administration and also evaluating the use of e -Government in individual EU member countries. For the analysis, we used the selected indicators which monitor National Statistical Institutes within the EU countries, and in the theoretical background to characterizing the theoretical aspects of selected innovative approaches to public administration.
The term "innovation" can be defined as a change in behavior in the broadest sense. The first most frequently mentioned of the innovation attribute is the change of status quo. It is important, however, not to exchange the innovate with the concept of change, since change is typical for most organizations, but innovation is about implementing of new knowledge or performing new tasks.
Another fundamental attribute is the change of quality. So the output of the change must be qualitatively observable. And the no less important attribute of innovation is a deliberate change.
Innovations in the public sector can be present by the system changes, reforms, restructuring, and reorganization and so on (Staroňová et al., 2010).
The management of public administration institutions is divergence from the management of private companies, due mainly to the specific position of public administration and the fact that its services are not provided on a market-based basis. The political exposure of the main activities in turn brings many characteristics that relate to staffing in individual public administration institutions and are also triggered by the force of other laws governing employment in public administration institutions (Wright, Nemec, 2003). Nobody doubts that many innovations in public organizations have been inspiration from the private sector. There are many cases where a method was first used in the private sector and only then introduced in the public sector for instance PPBS (Planning, Programming and Budgeting), ZBB (Zero -Based Budgeting), zero-budgeting, TQM (Total Quality Management) and many others. Most of these methods persist in the public sector today, but many have already been replaced by new methods for instance New Public Management.
That is why the core elements of management activities in the two sectors are the same. Hrašková (2011) notes that public administration differs from corporate management in that it assures the economic aspect of the right processes within the organization and, on the other hand, contributes Papcunová V., Balážová E., Gregáňová R. H., 2018, doi.org/10.33605/croma-022018-009 Contemporary Research on Organization Management and Administration, Vol. 6 (2), 2018 8 to the functional analysis of politics and the economy in the external environment, in the state, in the municipality, in the region, or in the sector. Through its activity it helps to strengthen the state discipline, applies appropriate support to entrepreneurial subjects and develops self-government.
From a socio-political point of view, it explores the responses to public administration through marketing, applies the principles of social and material support, health care and develops opportunities for providing better services to the population (Országhová, 2017). Vanagas and Juškys (2017) note that the conflict between public and private interest occurs when in a certain situation this private interest has direct or indirect impact on the performed official duties.
The specific management of regions, cities and municipalities, which are represent selfgovernment, are understanding as a division of classical management. Unlike the business sector, where individual decisions can be made, in public administration, individual citizens' decisions must be transformed into a single collective decision for instance about the amount of funds provided for health care, for education, especially through elected representatives. One of the restrictions of planning, that belong to the most important managerial functions is that public administration is governed by laws, regulations, directives and generally binding regulations.

Theoretical background
The socio-economic development of the country depends directly on the innovative technological potential and on the effectiveness of the state's stimulation of its development at all levels of the national economy. The state, in all available ways, should encourage economic actors to develop and implement innovations, thereby creating favorable conditions for innovative and technological development of production. This behavior will also strengthen the position of public authorities. So, the socio-economic development of the country depends directly on the innovationtechnological potential and on the efficiency of public administration in its development at all levels of the economy (Dudchenko and Vitman, 2018). The public administration system according to Hamalová et al. (2014), can be seen in two ways: 1) Public administration -corresponds to the traditional understanding of the public administration as a system of bodies providing the executive function of state, principles and practices applied by the state administration (Výrostová, 2017).
The administrative understanding of the public administration corresponded to its real status and influence in the administrative types of the state, which had been characteristic for the European states since the 16th century (the emergence of the administrative state in France) until the second half of the 20th century, 2) Public management -public administration fulfills its constitutional role, managers are responsibly accountable and creatively responding to changes in society in accordance with legal constraints. It can be defined as a set of laws, regulations, judgments and Papcunová V., Balážová E., Gregáňová R. H., 2018, doi.org/10.33605/croma-022018-009 Contemporary Research on Organization Management and Administration, Vol. 6 (2), 2018 9 administrative procedures that restrict, but at the same time enable the exercise of public power in the public interest (Lynn, 2001).
The public decision-making process seeks the means to more effectively manage the public administration and also to use the endogenous resources more economically. One option is to introduce new approaches to governance.
Subsequently, after 1980 a new wave of reform of public administration which to be called New Public Management. Schick (1999) note that the base prerequisites for the application of New Public Management in practice are that the managers have set clear goals with measurable indicators and they are flexible and responsible when using resources. Also the central authorities transfer the tasks to the regional level and then to the local level and the government rather checks the results as the procedures for achieving the objectives. New Public Management is not an integrated and coherent theory, but rather a free collection of different doctrines, principles and measures that are partly in opposition to one another. The forms and objectives of the New Public Management may also vary. In the UK, the goal of the New Public Management was to create a minimalist state. In Norway, it wanted to protect the state. In Australia, at the outset, it focused only on the management of public enterprises (Bevir et al., 2003). At the end of the 1990s, New Public Management began to lose its decisive position. One of the reasons was the insufficient standing of a citizen in the performance of public administration. Lacina (2012) points to Gray and Jenkins statement that New Public Management is complicated, incomplete, paradoxical and displays signs of intellectual incoherence. As a result of such criticism of New public Management to create a new concept of public administration -Good Governance. Methods of public governance as privatization of state services and decentralization of state governance lay the groundwork for the transition from bureaucracy to cooperation in mutual work (Beresecká, 2017, Hudáková, 2016 Much more interesting and perspective is a direction of model of Good Governancethe involvement of society into management (Danshina and Britchenko, 2017). Castellanos (2017)  However, they be important when it concerns the perceived quality, expressed in terms of Papcunová V., Balážová E., Gregáňová R. H., 2018, doi.org/10.33605/croma-022018-009 Contemporary Research on Organization Management and Administration, Vol. 6 (2), 2018 11 satisfaction of citizens. This could mean that, in the long run, many citizens are going to use egovernment anyway, no matter how (un)skilled they are, no matter how complex these services are.

Research methodology
In Latvia (more than a 3 -fold increase) and more than a 2-fold increase we see in Estonia, Belgium, Lithuania, Czech Republic, Portugal, Croatia and Bulgaria ( Figure 1, Table 1).
Source: According to European Commission, Digital Scoreboard, 2017

Figure 1. Individuals interacting online with public authorities, last 12 months
The increase of the electronic communication with public administration is mainly due to the massive introduction of electronization of public administration and with implementation of egovernment into public administration. The increase of the number of subjects of public administrations which provide their information through web pages is also confirmed by research Fernandez -Falero, Trabadela -Robles, Garces -Botacio, Ruano -Lopez (2017) who note that in Spain, the law of transparency is applicable, which provides access to public information. They carried out a study in 2015 and 2016 when they surveyed the websites of municipalities with a population of more than 7,000 and more than 10,000. The results of the research showed, that the availability of information about municipalities and their financial management was up by 12.5% year-on-year, as well as information about political representatives of municipalities (11.3%). The shift to individualized sources of online media may offer governments the biggest opportunities to produce more efficient and effective services and policies, and might represent key factor in the state's response to mounting social and economic challenges, such as aging societies and climate change that are already highlighting the limits of governments' policy capacity (Jones, 2017). Only a well-functioning and efficient public sector is capable of supporting the qualitative development of society, ensuring social and economic equilibrium, and providing life's certainties to citizens (Čepelová, 2014 Table 2). The analysis also showed that in Romania, only 5% of citizens use the option of directly communicating electronically with public administrations.
But Urs (2018) note that Romania, as a member of the European Union, is also within the scope of the Europe 2020 strategy involved in the Digital Agenda which aims to is unleash the digital potential and diff use the digital culture widely across the EU. The Romanian government has committed itself that for example, at least 35% of people use e-government systems; at least 60% of citizens use the Internet regularly; at least 30% of citizens make purchases online; what would help public institutions advance the development of a digital society.
The use of such an on -line communication with representatives of the public administration is currently very popular in terms of saving people's time. This communication is not only quicker but also more efficient because in the event of any additional information from the citizens, they can react quite quickly and thus accelerate the whole process of the solution.

Table 2. Individuals submitting completed forms to public authorities, over the internet, last 12 months in EU -28 over the years 2007-2018 (%)
Source: According to European Commission, Digital Scoreboard, 2017 One of the tool of good governance is the concept also the so-called Smart Administration.
Ochrana, Púček, (2011) note that it represents a way of governance that relies on the rigorous application of existing laws, the effective exercise of the powers of the public administration and the effective communication of all the actors involved. To implement this concept into practice, it is necessary to select and implement the right (most needed and most important) investments, activities, measures and legislation. These must be properly implemented, which means measuring the achieved goals while at the same time knowing how to communicate properly with the public. Meijer, Bolívar (2015) note that in the literature (  Source: According to Meijer, Bolívar, 2015 In the face of globalization and growing international competition, the new public and private sector cooperation paradigm or public-private partnership (PPP) has proven to be the best vector of a stable country's or region's development (Dmitrieva, Guseva, 2017). The PPP concept is closely linked to another theoretical approach that is used in public administration, and it is public enterprise. Farazmad (1996) note that the concept of public enterprise management is not a new phenomenon. In fact, it has strong historical roots. It was a very well-developed concept of public administration in the Persian Empire. Public enterprise was a key element of the Persian administrative system. Goods and public goods were provided by state-owned enterprises, with most public goods being monopolistic. The management of public enterprise also has strong historical roots in many other countries, eg. Iran -Turkish civilization, the Ottoman Empire, which continued in Persian tradition and greatly contributed to the creation of public administration, including public enterprise systems. Japan, India, Australia, France and the Scandinavian countries have a concept of public enterprise management based on the principles of the Persian administration system. The rapid growth rate of public enterprises around the world was recorded in the mid-twentieth century, especially after the Second World War. In developing countries, the largest increase took place in the 1960s and 1970s, a period of state building and nationalization. Osborne, Gaebler (1992) mention that the base of characteristics of the public enterprise is competition in the provision of services by the public administrationꓼ possibly public inspectionꓼ focuses on output rather than on rulesꓼ offers citizens a choice of serviceꓼ focuses on revenue rather than spendingꓼ focuses on prevention rather than on solving the problemꓼ decentralizationꓼ use of market mechanismsꓼ use of all sectors of national economy to solve the problem.

Conclusions
From the analysis of selected indicators has shown that the share of the population aged 16-74, who electronically communicate with individual public administrations, is increasing across all EU member states. This increase present 39% over the analyzed period. At the same time, the share of citizens who use the opportunity to solve their problems with public administrations directly through e -forms grows. Even in this case, the increase in the monitored period was 40%. This increase is mainly related to the introduction of e -Government into everyday public administration practice as well as the self -development of ICT technologies.
All changes, respectively the introduction of new innovative approaches to public administration is therefore being implemented in order to ultimately improve the quality of public administration. Modernization of public administration on the one hand is related to the changes that the client expects (not only the citizens itself but all entities requesting service from public administrations) as the recipient of the service and, on the other hand, public authorities as service providers they expecting a reduction cost of service provision and more effective troubleshooting.
Many innovative approaches in public administration have a basis in the business sector. However, when applying them to public administration, an important aspect is not the profit but the satisfaction of the client. However, it is necessary to combine these two views in the end, as a result, public administration would become part of the 3E (economy, effectiveness, efficiency) approach.
Thus, a key factor for the future of effective public governance is strategic management that identifies key factors that could influence decision-making in public administrations in the future.
For further research in this area, it would be interesting to identify factors that could influence efficiency of e -government use in public administration and also to monitor the specific services that citizens most often use in electronic communication with subjects of public administrations.